method of irrigation

 Irrigation methods (Bubbler and Drip irrigation) The type of irrigation system is significant, and the supply of appropriate irrigation systems only partially satisfies the demands of agricultural development. The application of modern irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation in the agricultural sector, is an excellent choice for improving water use efficiency as irrigation water is quickly becoming the main limiting factor for crop production.

 Drip irrigation is a technique for watering plants that involves slowly and steadily supplying water to the roots. It uses a system of tubes or pipes with tiny emitters that release drops of water at a time, thus the name "drip" irrigation. This method is extremely effective since it reduces water loss due to evaporation or runoff. It guarantees that water is given precisely where it is required, lowering the possibility of overwatering or underwatering plants. Drip irrigation is beneficial for farms, gardens, orchards, and potted plants. The most effective irrigation method is drip irrigation, which allows producers to achieve application and water consumption efficiencies of over 85% (surface or subsurface). Drip irrigation tubing is now more durable because to recent advancements in dripper technology and can easily endure in the field for 20 years or more with correct installation and maintenance. Due to benefits such as lowering the risk of illness, uniform water distribution, lowering labor costs, and limiting supply volatility, drip irrigation systems have grown in popularity recently. Additionally, it has the ability to operate at lower pressures than other forms of pressured irrigation, which has led to cheaper energy expenditures. Drip irrigation providees water and nutrients to plants directly, which also increases vegetable crop yields while conserving water. Due to the reduced water consumption and potential increase in production, drip irrigation has garnered interest for its capacity to deliver small and frequent water applications right next to the plant root zone. To investigate the impact of drip irrigation and plastic mulch on crop production improvement in various agro-climatic regions and soil conditions, numerous studies have been carried out with drip irrigation and concluded that there are increase in yields by about 20–60%. The use of drip irrigation has a number of advantages. First of all, it conserves water by sending it straight to the root zone and reducing losses from evaporation or wind drift. It is therefore the best option for places with scarce water supplies or where water shortage is an issue. As water is only delivered to the desired plants and not the surrounding areas, drip irrigation also aids in preventing the growth of weeds. By doing this, crops and weeds are less likely to compete for nutrients and moisture. Additionally, by maintaining constant soil moisture levels, drip irrigation encourages healthy plant growth. The slow, controlled flow of water to the roots reduces soil erosion and nutrient loss. Bubbler irrigation is a modified version of drip irrigation for grove crops, improving system design and adaptability. It includes a water source, pumping unit, mixing chamber, mainline, sub-main lines, laterals, and bubblers. The system has a head control unit and buried PVC pipes, with hydrants rising on sub surfaces. The manifolds and laterals are also often buried in solid PVC pipes. The bubblers are placed above ground and associated with the laterals with a small flexible tube rising on the surface, or they can be fitted on small PVC risers associated with the buried laterals Bubblers can produce a maximum flow of 9.45 liters per minute, requiring water conservation methods like drip irrigation systems. Bubbler irrigation provides satisfactory water requirements, with a distribution uniformity of 92.6% for laterals and 93.9% for the entire system. This method saves 30.94% of water compared to basin irrigation. 

 Utilizing timers or sensors, drip and bubbler irrigation systems can be automated to provide exact control over watering schedules. Compared to conventional manual watering methods, this saves time and labor. Overall, drip and bubbler irrigation has many advantages, including reduced weed development, better plant health, and effective use of resources. Due to its success in maximizing water usage while maintaining ideal plant growth, it has grown in popularity in agriculture and gardening